class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # A History of Modern Psychology in context ## ⚔<br/>with xaringan ### Goran Kardum ### Department of Psychology ### 2022-01-28 --- ## Previous lectures (Pickren & Rutherford, 2010) Origins of a science of mind -- Everyday life and psychological practices -- Subject matter, methods, and the making of a new science ??? Ovo su slide notes.... tekst --- ## Origins of a science of mind Questions and important topics -- R. Descartes (soul, pineal gland---brain...), -- J. Locke (associationism) -- Material explanations of human nature (Fechner, Gall, Broca..) -- Natural selection (Darwin) --- ## Everyday life and psychological practices Questions and important topics -- - Commercial society -- - Self-Perception, Self-Expression -- - Physiognomy, Phrenology --- ## Subject matter, methods, and the making of a new science Questions and important topics -- E. Kant (noumenal world, phenomenal world) -- Psychophysics and the possibility of a new science -- Herbart, Fechner, Wundt, James, Pavlov --- ## First usage of the word: psychology The word “psychology” is said to have been used for the first time in a treatise, now lost, by the Dalmatian humanist Marko Marulic (1450–1524), who composed poetry in Latin and Croatian, as well as works on morals and spirituality. K. Krstic, “Marko Marulic - the author of the term psychology. Acta Intituti Psychologici Universitatis Zagrabiensis, no. 36, 1964. -- Rudolph Goclenius the Elder (Rudolphus Goclenius; 1547 – 1628) was a German scholastic philosopher. Gockel is often credited with coining the term "psychology" in 1590, though the term had been used by Marko Marulić at least 66 years earlier.[1] Gockel had significant contributions to the field of ontology. --- ## The term - psychology **Psychologia** was not the only neologism relating to the soul to be coined in the context of the theologico-naturalist debates of the sixteenth and sev- enteenth centuries. -- Two theories - the state of the soul after death; -- **sleep of the soul** (condemned by the Fifth Lateran Council of 1513) and that of **the death of the soul**, or “thnetopsychism” (from thnetos, “mortality”). -- They countered their adversary’s arguments with the traditional doctrine that the soul, which is immortal, retains its powers of per- ception and intellection after death. This was the position held by John Calvin (1509–1564) in his Psychopannychia, which was written in 1534 against the “error of the ignorant who think that souls sleep after death and until the Last Judgment.” -- **The science of the soul**, often termed “psychology” from the last third of the sixteenth century, was redefined as the science of the mind (Vidal, 2011. pp-2) --- ## Encyclopaedia Britannica - 1783 <div class="figure"> <img src="pic/encicbrit1.png" alt="Metaphysics definition from Encyclopaedia Britannica from . Look at the detail of that definition, content and area of metaphysics" width="70%" /> <p class="caption">Metaphysics definition from Encyclopaedia Britannica from . Look at the detail of that definition, content and area of metaphysics</p> </div> --- ## Psychology definition in EB - 1783  --  --- ## Psychology in eighteenth century? (Vidal, 2011) Did psychology exist in the eighteenth century? -- - Vidal (2011) explore the history of the term “psychology” from its invention in the sixteenth century to its redefinition at the beginning of the eighteenth century -- - Psychology existed essentially as a “physics of the soul,” -- - Belonged to natural philosophy and Christian anthropology -- - knowing oneself would involve a new empirical science, increasingly called “psychology,” which corresponded to the methodological and epistemological ideals of the Enlightenment. -- - eighteenth-century psychology incorporated subjects from logic, metaphysics, and morals --- ## Swiss encyclopedia (1774) Gabriel Mingard, Psychologie (Métaphysique), in Fortunato Bartolomeo de Felice, ed., Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire universel raisonné des connoissances humaines (Yverdon: Société Typographique, 1770–1775) -- It is to ourselves that we relate all things, it is the influence of things upon ourselves that leads us to applaud or condemn them; it is therefore the relation of things to ourselves that makes them of interest to us; and without knowledge of the nature, faculties, qualities, state, relations and destination of the human soul, we can pass judgment on nothing, decide nothing, determine nothing, choose nothing, reject nothing, prefer nothing and do nothing with certainty and without error. Psychology is consequently the first and most useful of all the sciences, the source, the principle and the foundation of them all, as well as the guide which leads to each. --- ## Scientific psychology 1879 - Wundt laboratory --- ## History of major schools of psychology - Around 1900, several systematic positions and schools of thought -- - The term school of thought refers to a group of psychologists who become associated ideologically, and sometimes geographically, with the leader of a movement (Schultz & Schultz, 2011). --- ## History of schools (Schultz & Schultz, 2011) - **Structuralism**: E. B. Titchener’s system of psychology, which dealt with conscious experience as dependent on experiencing persons. -- - **Functionalism**: A system of psychology concerned with the mind as it is used in an organism’s adaptation to its environment. -- - **Behaviorism**: Watson’s science of behavior, which dealt solely with observable behavioral acts that could be described in objective terms. -- - **Gestalt psychology**: A system of psychology that focuses largely on learning and perception, suggesting that combining sensory elements produces new patterns with properties that did not exist in the individual elements. -- - **Psychoanalysis**: Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality and system of psychotherapy -- - **Humanistic psychology**: A system of psychology that emphasizes the study of conscious experience and the wholeness of human nature. -- - **Cognitive psychology**: A system of psychology that focuses on the process of knowing, on how the mind actively organizes experiences. --- ## Structuralism Edward Bradford Titchener (1867–1927) -- E. B. Titchener professed to be a loyal follower of Wilhelm Wundt, -- Titchener focused on mental elements or contents, and their mechanical linking through the process of association, but he discarded Wundt’s doctrine of apperception. -- In 1904, a group of psychologists from Cornell, Yale, Clark, Michigan, and Princeton, among others, who called themselves the Titchener Experimentalists, began meeting regularly to compare research notes. One of his rules was that no women were allowed. -- All human knowledge is derived from human experience; there is no other source of knowledge. Titchener’s form of introspection, or self-observation! --- ## Functionalism Charles Darwin, and his notion of evolution, changed the focus of the new psychology from the structure of consciousness to its functions. A focus on animal psychology, which formed the basis of comparative psychology. An emphasis on the functions rather than the structure of consciousness. The acceptance of methodology and data from many fields. A focus on the description and measurement of individual differences. -- The Evolution Revolution: Charles Darwin (1809–1882) -- Individual Differences: Francis Galton (1822–1911) -- Animal Psychology and the Development of Functionalism --- ## Functionalism Evolution Comes to America: Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) -- William James (1842–1910): Anticipator of Functional Psychology -- Granville Stanley Hall (1844–1924) -- Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism -- Toward practical psychology, James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944). Cattell is pioneer of mental tests and also usage of the term **mental tests** in 1890. -- Alfred Binet (1857-1911) - mental tests, IQ, mental age -- Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) - clinical psychology and in 1896. opened the first psychology clinic. --- ## Psychoanalysis --- ## Gestalt psychology --- ## Biheviorism Animal psychologists -- Edward Lee Thorndike (1874–1949) - mechanistic, objective learning theory, founded Journal of Educational Psychology (1910), the study of association connectionism, puzzle box -- Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov (1849–1936) -- John B. Watson (1879-1958) -- B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) --- ## Humanistic psychology --- --- # References --- class: center, middle # Thanks! Slides created via the R package [**xaringan**](https://github.com/yihui/xaringan). The chakra comes from [remark.js](https://remarkjs.com), [**knitr**](https://yihui.org/knitr/), and [R Markdown](https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com).